Stable Nutritional Powder

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are compositions comprising carbohydrate; lipid, comprising from about 0.25% to about 2.5% lecithin by weight of total lipid; from about 0.5% to about 10% hydrolyzed casein protein by weight of total protein; and from about 90% to about 99.5% intact protein by weight of total protein; wherein the compositions are nutritional powders. The nutritional powders provide improved oxidative stability and sensory performance.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.61/015,312 filed Dec. 20, 2007

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention is directed to nutritional powders having improvedoxidative stability and sensory performance.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Nutritional powders are well known for use in providing variousindividuals with sole or supplemental nutrition. These powders arereconstituted with water or other aqueous liquid by the ultimate user toform a nutritional liquid or beverage. These powders most often containvarying amounts and types of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins,and minerals, all depending largely upon the nutritional needs of theintended user.

Among nutritional formulas commercially available today, infant formulashave become well known and commonly used in providing a supplemental orsole source of nutrition early in life. Although human milk is generallyaccepted as a superior nutritional source for infants, many infantnutritional formulas can still provide a quality alternative for thosemothers who cannot breastfeed or choose not to under their particularcircumstances. These infant formulas typically contain proteins,carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients.

Nutritional powders, including infant formulas, often contain a varietyof ingredients that tend to be more oxidatively sensitive than otheringredients, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids. These fatty acidsrequire additional care during processing to ensure that thepolyunsaturated fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid andarachidonic acid, in the finished powder do not excessively degrade byway of oxidation during prolonged storage periods of up to about 36months.

A novel nutritional powder having improved oxidative stability andsensory performance would be useful.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One embodiment of the invention is directed to nutritional powders,including powder infant formulas, comprising carbohydrate; lipid,comprising from about 0.25% to about 2.5% lecithin by weight of totallipid; from about 0.5% to about 10% hydrolyzed casein protein by weightof total protein; and from about 90% to about 99.5% intact protein byweight of total protein.

It has been found, surprisingly, that the nutritional powder embodimentsof the present invention have improved oxidative stability and sensoryperformance. It has been found that select levels of hydrolyzed caseinprotein in combination with lecithin provide a synergistic antioxidanteffect, and can therefore be formulated into nutritional powders toreduce oxidation and provide better sensory performance over prolongedperiods.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The various nutritional powder embodiments described herein, includingpowder infant formulas and other oxidatively sensitive nutritionalpowders, comprise carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and select levels ofhydrolyzed casein protein and lecithin. These and other essential oroptional elements of the nutritional powders are described in detailhereinafter.

The term “lipid” as used herein, unless otherwise specified, means anyelement of the nutritional powder formula soluble in an organic solvent,including fats, oils, and combinations thereof.

The term “total lipid” as used herein, unless otherwise specified,refers to the lipid component of the nutritional powder embodimentsherein.

The term “infant” as used herein, unless otherwise specified, refers tochildren not more than about one year of age, and includes infants from0 to about 4 months of age, infants from about 4 to about 8 months ofage, infants from about 8 to about 12 months of age, low birth weightinfants of less than 2,500 grams at birth, and premature infants born atless than about 37 weeks gestational age, typically from about 26 weeksto about 34 weeks gestational age. The term “child” and “children” asused herein refers to children not more than 12 years of age, andincludes children from about 12 months to about 12 years of age. Theterm “adult” as used herein refers to adults about 12 years and older.

The term “nutritional formula” as used herein, unless otherwisespecified, refers to a nutritional composition designed for infants,toddlers, children, adults, or combinations thereof, which may containsufficient protein, carbohydrate, lipid, vitamins, minerals, andelectrolytes to potentially serve as the sole source of nutrition whenprovided in sufficient quantity. These “nutritional formulas” can alsobe formulated to provide, or otherwise be used as, a secondary or minornutritional supplement providing one or more of protein, carbohydrate,lipid, vitamins and minerals.

The term “nutritional powder” as used herein, unless otherwisespecified, refers to flowable or substantially flowable particulatenutritional formulas, or at least particulate nutritional formulas thatcan be easily scooped with a spoon or similar other device, wherein thecompositions may be reconstituted with a suitable fluid, typicallywater, to form a liquid nutritional composition for use in the desiredtargeted group, e.g., adults, pediatrics including infants, children,toddlers, diabetics, critical care patients, or non-humans such aslivestock, pets, and wildlife.

The term “infant formula” as used herein, unless otherwise specified,refers to a nutritional formula designed for infants, which may containsufficient protein, carbohydrate, lipid, vitamins, minerals, andelectrolytes to potentially serve as the sole source of nutrition whenprovided in sufficient quantity.

The terms “polyunsaturated fatty acid” or “PUFA” as used herein, unlessotherwise specified, refer to any polyunsaturated fatty acid or sourcethereof, including short chain (less than about 6 carbon atoms perchain); medium chain (from about 6 to about 18 carbon atoms per chain);and long chain (having at least about 20 carbon atoms per chain) fattyacids having two or more carbon:carbon double bonds, including ω-3 andω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

The term “total formula solids” as used herein, unless otherwisespecified, refers to the sum concentration or total amount of allingredients in the nutritional formula, less water.

All percentages, parts and ratios as used herein, are by weight of thetotal composition, unless otherwise specified. All such weights as theypertain to listed ingredients are based on the active level and,therefore, do not include solvents or by-products that may be includedin commercially available materials, unless otherwise specified.

Numerical ranges as used herein are intended to include every number andsubset of numbers contained within that range, whether specificallydisclosed or not. Further, these numerical ranges should be construed asproviding support for a claim directed to any number or subset ofnumbers in that range. For example, a disclosure of from 1 to 10 shouldbe construed as supporting a range of from 2 to 8, from 3 to 7, from 5to 6, from 1 to 9, from 3.6 to 4.6, from 3.5 to 9.9, and so forth.

All references to singular characteristics or limitations of theembodiments described herein shall include the corresponding pluralcharacteristic or limitation, and vice versa, unless otherwise specifiedor clearly implied to the contrary by the context in which the referenceis made.

All combinations of method or process steps as used herein may beperformed in any order, unless otherwise specified or clearly implied tothe contrary by the context in which the referenced combination is made.

The embodiments herein may also be substantially free of any optional orselected essential ingredient or feature described herein, provided thatthe remaining formula still contains all of the required ingredients orfeatures as described herein. In this context, and unless otherwisespecified, the term “substantially free” means that the selectedcomposition contains less than a functional amount of the optional orselected ingredient, typically less than 0.1% by weight, and alsoincluding zero percent by weight of such optional or selectedingredient.

The embodiments described herein may comprise, consist of, or consistessentially of the essential elements and limitations of the inventiondescribed herein, as well as any additional or optional ingredients,components, or limitations described herein or otherwise useful innutritional powder formula applications.

Hydrolyzed Casein Protein

The various embodiments described herein may comprise from about 0.5% toabout 10% hydrolyzed casein protein by weight of total protein,including from about 0.5% to about 5%, and also including from about0.8% to about 3% by weight of total protein.

The terms “hydrolysate” or “hydrolyzed protein” are used interchangeablyherein and unless otherwise specified, refer to protein that has beenhydrolyzed or broken down into shorter peptide fragments and/or aminoacids. In the broadest sense, a protein has been hydrolyzed when one ormore peptide bonds have been broken. Breaking of peptide bonds may occurunintentionally or incidentally during manufacture, for example,incidentally due to heating or shear. For purposes of the nutritionalpowder embodiments herein, the terms “hydrolysate” or “hydrolyzedprotein” mean a protein that has been processed or treated in a mannerintended to break peptide bonds. Intentional hydrolysis may be carriedout, for example, by treating an intact protein with enzymes, acids,bases, or combinations thereof. The hydrolyzed proteins for use hereinare typically prepared by enzyme hydrolysis.

The hydrolyzed proteins for use herein are substantially free of intactprotein. In this context, the hydrolyzed casein proteins herein containless than 1.0% by weight of intact protein, including less than 0.5%,and also including zero percent by weight of intact protein. As such, asingle protein ingredient/commodity is not a source of both intactprotein and hydrolyzed protein; rather, a single proteiningredient/commodity is either a hydrolyzed protein or an intactprotein.

The hydrolyzed proteins for use herein have a degree of hydrolysis offrom 5% to about 90%, including from about 8% to about 90%, alsoincluding from about 23% to about 80%, and also including from about 45%to about 80%. Degree of hydrolysis is the extent to which peptide bondsare broken by an intentional hydrolysis method.

For the purposes of this invention, the degree of hydrolysis of aprotein source is determined by the Tri-nitrobenzenesulphonic acid(TNBS) procedure. The TNBS procedure is an accurate and reproducibleprocedure for determining the degree of hydrolysis of a food proteinsource. The protein hydrolysate is dissolved/dispersed in hot 1% sodiumdodecyl sulphate to a concentration of 0.25-2.5×10⁻³ aminoequivalents/liter A sample solution (0.25 milliliters) is mixed with 2milliliters of 0.2125 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 8.2) and 2milliliters of 0.1% trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid, followed byincubation in the dark for 60 minutes at 50° C. The reaction is quenchedby adding 4 milliliters of 0.100 N HCl. The absorbance is then read at340 nanometers. A 1.5 mM L-leucine solution is used as the standard.Transformation of the measured leucine amino equivalents to a degree ofhydrolysis is carried out by way of a standard curve for each particularprotein substrate (Jens Adler-Nissen, J. Agr. Food Chem. vol. 27, no. 6,1979). For purposes of this invention, degree of protein hydrolysis isnot the same as the amino nitrogen to total nitrogen ratio (AN/TN) of aprotein source, in which the amino nitrogen (AN) component is quantifiedby USP titration methods for determining amino nitrogen content, whilethe total nitrogen (TN) component is determined by the Tecator Kjeldahlmethod. When a peptide bond in a protein is broken by enzymatichydrolysis, one amino group is released for each peptide bond broken,causing an increase in the amino nitrogen. Using the AN/TN method, evennon-hydrolyzed protein would contain some exposed amino groups, and thushave an AN/TN ratio of greater than zero.

Casein protein is derived from milk. Casein protein is the main proteinin bovine milk, making up approximately 80% of the protein in bovinemilk. Casein protein is a highly nutritious protein that contains 21amino acids. Non-limiting examples of hydrolyzed casein protein for useherein include hydrolyzed acid casein, hydrolyzed calcium caseinate,hydrolyzed magnesium caseinate, hydrolyzed sodium caseinate, any othersalt forms thereof, and combinations thereof. The embodiments describedherein typically comprise hydrolyzed calcium caseinate and/or hydrolyzedsodium caseinate.

Hydrolyzed casein protein suitable for use herein may be obtained fromany known or otherwise suitable nutrition source. Non-limiting examplesinclude hydrolyzed casein protein from DMV International, Delhi, N.Y.,USA; and hydrolyzed casein protein from Arla Food Ingredients,Skanderborgvej. Denmark.

Intact Protein

The various embodiments described herein may comprise from about 90% toabout 99.5% intact protein by weight of total protein, including fromabout 95% to about 99.5%, and also including from about 97% to about99.2% by weight of total protein.

The term “intact protein” as used herein, unless otherwise specified,refers to protein that has not been intentionally processed or treatedin a manner intended to break peptide bonds. Intact proteins arenon-hydrolyzed proteins that have not been subject to intentionalhydrolysis, and so have an unaltered primary structure (i.e. a completeamino acid sequence). Intact proteins have a degree of hydrolysis ofzero. As such, the intact proteins for use herein are substantially freeof hydrolyzed protein. In this context, the intact proteins for useherein contain less than 1.0% by weight of hydrolyzed protein, includingless than 0.5%, and also including zero percent by weight of hydrolyzedprotein.

Intact proteins suitable for use herein may be obtained from any knownor otherwise suitable nutrition source. Non-limiting examples ofsuitable intact proteins include soy based, milk based, casein protein,whey protein, rice protein, beef collagen, pea protein, potato protein,and combinations thereof.

The embodiments herein may further comprise free amino acids. However,the nutritional powder embodiments herein typically comprise less than10% free amino acids by weight of total protein, including from about0.2% to about 7%, also including from about 0.2% to about 5%, and alsoincluding from about 0.2% to about 2% by weight of total protein. Thefree amino acids may be added, inherent in the hydrolyzed caseinprotein, or combinations thereof. For the purposes of this invention,added free amino acids that are not inherent in a hydrolyzed proteinhave a degree of hydrolysis of 100%. Non-limiting examples of suitableprotein free amino acids include tryptophan, glutamine, tyrosine,methionine, cysteine, arginine, and combinations thereof. Non-limitingexamples of non-protein amino acids suitable for use herein includecarnitine and taurine. In some cases, the D-forms of the amino acids areconsidered as nutritionally equivalent to the L-forms, and isomermixtures may be used to lower costs.

Lecithin

The various embodiments described herein may comprise from about 0.25%to about 2.5% lecithin by weight of total lipid, including from about0.25% to about 1.5%, and also including from about 0.3% to about 0.8% byweight of total lipid. Lecithins are predominantly a mixture of glycerolphospholipids (e.g., phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine andphosphatidylinositol). Phosphotidlylcholine is typically the majorgylcerol phospholipid component. Lecithins may also contain othercompounds such as free fatty acids, monoglycerides, diglycerides,triglycerides, glycolipids, and other lipid/fatty acid containingcompounds. Lecithins are sometimes classified as glycerol phospholipidsor phosphotides. This class of compounds has ampliphilic properties andthus emulsifying functionality.

Lecithins are typically added to liquid food products (includingnutritional liquids), as emulsifiers, so that the liquid products remainhomogeneous and do not separate. Lecithins are approved by the UnitedStates Food and Drug Administration for human consumption with thestatus “Generally Recognized As Safe.” Non-limiting examples oflecithins suitable for use herein include egg lecithin, wheat lecithin,corn lecithin, soy lecithin, modified lecithin, and combinationsthereof. The embodiments described herein typically comprise soylecithin.

Lecithins suitable for use herein may be obtained from any known orotherwise suitable nutrition source. Non-limiting examples include soylecithin from ADM Specialty Food Ingredients, Decatur, Ill., USA; soylecithin from Solae, LLC, St. Louis, Mo., USA; and soy lecithin fromAmerican Lecithin Company, Oxford, Conn., USA.

Nutrients

The nutritional powder embodiments described herein may comprisesufficient types and amounts of nutrients to meet the targeted dietaryneeds of the intended user. These powder formulas comprise protein,carbohydrate, and a lipid, as described herein. The formulas may furthercomprise vitamins, minerals, or other ingredients suitable for use inpowder nutritional formulas.

The amount of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid in the embodiments hereinmay vary considerably depending upon the dietary needs of the intendeduser as well as many other well-known variables. These ingredients,however, are most typically formulated into nutritional powdersdescribed herein within the ranges described in the following table.

First Second Third Nutrient* embodiment embodiment embodimentCarbohydrate 20-85  30-60 35-55 % total calories Lipid 5-70 20-60 25-50% total calories Protein 2-75  5-50  7-40 % total calories *eachnumerical value is preceded by the term “about”

Different sources and types of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins(described hereinbefore), minerals, and vitamins are known and may beused in the embodiments herein, provided that such nutrients arecompatible with the added ingredients in the selected formula, are safefor their intended use, and do not otherwise unduly impair productperformance.

Carbohydrates suitable for use herein may be simple or complex,lactose-containing or lactose-free, or combinations thereof,non-limiting examples include hydrolyzed, intact, naturally and/orchemically modified starch, maltodextrin, glucose polymers, sucrose,corn syrup, corn syrup solids, rice or potato derived carbohydrate,glucose, fructose, lactose, high fructose corn syrup, indigestibleoligosaccharides such as fructooligosaccharides (FOS), and combinationsthereof.

Non-limiting examples of lipids suitable for use herein include coconutoil, soy oil, corn oil, olive oil, safflower oil, high oleic saffloweroil, MCT oil (medium chain triglycerides), sunflower oil, high oleicsunflower oil, palm and palm kernel oils, palm olein, canola oil, marineoils, cottonseed oils, and combinations thereof.

The lipids for use herein may comprise long chain polyunsaturated fattyacids, non-limiting examples of which include decosahexaenoic acid,eicosapentaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, or combinations thereof. Thesematerials are known to provide beneficial effects in infants, such asenhanced brain and vision development. Non-limiting sources ofarachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acidinclude marine oil, egg derived oils, fungal oil, algal oil, andcombinations thereof.

The embodiments herein may comprise any of a variety of vitamins,non-limiting examples of which include vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E,vitamin K, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, vitamin B12, niacin, folicacid, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin C, inositol, choline, salts andderivatives thereof, and combinations thereof.

The embodiments herein may comprise any of a variety of minerals,non-limiting examples of which include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium,iron, zinc, manganese, copper, iodine, sodium, potassium, molybdenum,chloride, selenium, chromium, chloride, salts and derivatives thereof,and combinations thereof.

Optional Ingredients

The embodiments described herein may further comprise other optionalingredients that may modify the physical, chemical, aesthetic, orprocessing characteristics of the compositions or serve as additionalnutritional components when used in the targeted population. Many suchoptional ingredients are known or otherwise suitable for use innutritional powders, including powder infant formulas, and may also beused in the nutritional powder embodiments herein, provided that suchoptional materials are compatible with the essential materials describedherein, are safe and effective for their intended use, and do nototherwise unduly impair product performance.

Non-limiting examples of such optional ingredients includepreservatives, additional antioxidants, emulsifying agents, buffers,colorants, flavors, vitamins, minerals, nucleotides and nucleosides,probiotics, prebiotics, lactoferrin and related derivatives, thickeningagents and stabilizers, and so forth.

Infant Formula Embodiments

The nutritional powder embodiments herein may comprise nutrients inaccordance with the relevant guidelines for the targeted consumer oruser population, an example of which would be the Infant Formula Act, 21U.S.C. Section 350(a).

The infant formulas may include those embodiments comprising thecarbohydrate, lipid, and protein concentrations described in thefollowing table.

Infant Formula Macro Nutrients* g/L Nutrient Embodiment g/100 kcal(reconstituted, as fed) Carbohydrate 1^(st) embodiment  8-16  54-1082^(nd) embodiment  9-13 61-88 Lipid 1^(st) embodiment 3-8 20-54 2^(nd)embodiment   4-6.6 27-45 Protein 1^(st) embodiment 1-6  7-41 2^(nd)embodiment 1.5-3.4 10-24 *all numerical values preceded by the term“about”

The nutritional powders herein include those embodiments that compriseper 100 kcal of formula one or more of the following: vitamin A (fromabout 250 to about 1250 IU), vitamin D (from about 40 to about 150 IU),vitamin K (at least about 4 mcg), vitamin E (at least about 0.3 IU),vitamin C (at least about 8 mg), thiamine (at least about 8 mcg),vitamin B12 (at least about 0.15 mcg), niacin (at least about 250 mcg),folic acid (at least about 4 mcg), pantothenic acid (at least about 300mcg), biotin (at least about 1.5 mcg), choline (at least about 7 mg),and inositol (at least about 4 mg).

The nutritional powders herein include those embodiments that compriseper 100 kcal of formula one or more of the following: calcium (at leastabout 50 mg), phosphorus (at least about 25 mg), magnesium (at leastabout 6 mg), iron (at least about 0.15 mg), iodine (at least about 5mcg), zinc (at least about 0.5 mg), copper (at least about 60 mcg),manganese (at least about 5 mcg), sodium (from about 20 to about 60 mg),potassium (from about 80 to about 200 mg), and chloride (from about 55to about 150 mg).

Product Form

The embodiments herein are typically in the form of flowable orsubstantially flowable particulate compositions, or at least particulatecompositions that may be easily scooped and measured with a spoon orsimilar other device, wherein the compositions may be reconstituted bythe intended user with a suitable aqueous fluid, typically water, toform a liquid nutritional composition for immediate oral or enteral useby the intended user. In this context, “immediate” use means withinabout 48 hours, including within about 24 hours, and also includingright after, reconstitution. The embodiments include spray dried,agglomerated, dry mixed or other known or otherwise effectiveparticulate form. The quantity of nutritional powder required to producea volume suitable for one serving may vary.

The embodiments herein may be packaged and sealed in single or multi-usecontainers, and then stored under ambient conditions for up to about 36months, including from about 12 to about 24 months. For multi-usecontainers, these packages may be opened and then covered for repeateduse by the ultimate user, provided that the covered package is thenstored under ambient conditions (e.g., avoid extreme temperatures) andthe contents used within about one month or so.

Method of Manufacture

The nutritional powder embodiments may be prepared by any known orotherwise effective technique suitable for making and formulatingnutritional powders, variations of which may depend upon variables suchas the selected ingredient combination, packaging and containerselection, and so forth. Such techniques and variations are described inthe nutritional art or are otherwise well known to those skilled in thenutritional art.

The nutritional powder embodiments, including the exemplified formulasdescribed hereinafter, may therefore be prepared by any of a variety ofknown or otherwise effective formulation or manufacturing methods. Thesemethods typically involve the initial formation of an aqueous slurrycontaining carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, stabilizers or otherformulation aids, vitamins, minerals, or combinations thereof. Theslurry is emulsified, pasteurized, homogenized, and cooled. Variousother solutions, mixtures, or other materials may be added to theresulting emulsion before, during, or after further processing. Theresulting mixture is then heated and dried into powder form, which maybe accomplished by spray drying or other heat-treating methods offorming solid particulates in a powder matrix. Other essential oroptional materials may also be added to the formulation by dry blending,agglomerating, or otherwise combining the added material to the formingor just formed solid particulates.

Other suitable methods for making nutritional formulas are described,for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,365,218 (Borschel, et al.), U.S. Pat.No. 6,589,576 (Borschel, et al.), and U.S. Pat. No. 6,306,908 (Carlson,et al.), which descriptions are incorporated herein by reference.

EXAMPLES

The following examples further describe and demonstrate specificembodiments within the scope of the present invention. The examples aregiven solely for the purpose of illustration and are not to be construedas limitations of the present invention, as many variations thereof arepossible without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.All exemplified amounts are weight percentages based upon the totalweight of the composition, unless otherwise specified.

Each of the exemplified formulas is fed to humans to provide dailynutrition. Each composition contains hydrolyzed casein protein andlecithin, as described herein, wherein each composition has improvedoxidative stability and improved sensory performance.

Examples 1-4

These examples illustrate infant nutritional powder embodiments of thepresent invention, including a method of using and making the formula.Ingredients for each batch are listed in the following table.

Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Quantity Quantity per QuantityQuantity per per 45,359 kg 45,359 kg per 45,359 kg 45,359 kg Ingredients(100,000 lbs) (100,000 lbs) (100,000 lbs) (100,000 lbs) Lactose (kg)20461 20015 19887 19987 Non Fat Dry Milk (kg) 8495 9230 9414 9046 HighOleic Safflower Oil 5295 5295 5303 5256 (kg) Soy Oil (kg) 4023 4023 40293993 Coconut Oil (kg) 3705 3705 3711 3678 Whey Protein 2397 2333 21882220 Concentrate (kg) Potassium Citrate (kg) 413 416 422 421 CaseinHydrolysate DH 296 0 0 0 6 (kg), Casein Hydrolysate DH 0 59.2 0 0 23(kg), Casein Hydrolysate DH 0 0 144 0 45 (kg), Casein Hydrolysate DH 0 00 262 80 (kg), Calcium Carbonate (kg) 183 184 185 185 ARASCO Mortierella134 134 134 134 alpina Oil (kg) Soy Lecithin (kg) 115 115 57.5 259Nucleotide-Choline 107 107 107 107 Premix (kg) Potassium Chloride (kg)59.8 58.4 55.1 55.9 Ascorbic Acid (kg) 57.8 57.8 57.8 57.8Vit/Min/Premix (kg) 50.6 50.6 50.6 50.6 DHASCO 50.5 50.5 50.5 50.5Crypthecodinium cohnii Oil (kg) Magnesium Chloride 46.9 47.1 47.5 47.4(kg) Citric Acid (kg) 26.1 26.1 26.1 26.1 Sodium Chloride (kg) 24.7 26.028.7 28.1 Ferrous Sulfate (kg) 20.6 20.6 20.6 20.6 Choline Chloride (kg)19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 Vitamin A, D, E, K (kg) 17.7 17.7 17.7 17.6 AscorbylPalmitate (kg) 5.04 5.04 5.05 5.00 Mixed Tocopherols 4.88 4.88 4.88 4.85(70%) (kg) L-Carnitine (kg) 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19 Riboflavin (g) 144 144144 144

The exemplified formula may be prepared by making at least two separateslurries that are later blended together, heat treated, standardized,heat treated a second time, evaporated to remove water, and then spraydried.

Initially, a carbohydrate-mineral slurry is prepared by dissolving thecarbohydrate (i.e., lactose) in water at about 60-71° C., followed bythe addition of magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, potassiumcitrate, choline chloride, and sodium chloride. The resulting slurry isheld under moderate agitation at about 49-60° C. until it is laterblended with the other prepared slurries.

A protein-in-oil slurry is prepared by combining high oleic sunfloweroil, soybean oil, and coconut oil at about 49-60° C., followed by theaddition of ascorbyl palmitate, mixed tocopherols, soy lecithin, oilsoluble vitamin premix, whey protein concentrate, casein hydrolysate,and calcium carbonate. The resulting oil slurry is held under moderateagitation at about 38-49° C. until it is later blended with the otherprepared slurries.

Water, the carbohydrate-mineral slurry and the protein-in-oil slurry,are combined under adequate agitation. The pH of the resulting blend isadjusted with potassium hydroxide. This blend is held under moderateagitation at about 49-60° C. The ARA and DHA oil is added following thepH adjustment and prior to processing.

The resulting blend is heated to about 71-77° C., emulsified through asingle stage homogenizer to a maximum of about 00 psig, and then heatedto about 82-88° C., for about 5 seconds. The heated blend is passedthrough a flash cooler to reduce the temperature to about 77-82° C. andthen passed through a plate cooler to further reduce the temperature toabout 71-77° C. The cooled blend is then homogenized at about2400-2600/400-600 psig, held at about 74-85° C. for about 16 seconds andthen cooled to about 2-7° C. Samples are taken for microbiological andanalytical testing. The mixture is held under agitation at about 2-7° C.

A water-soluble vitamin (WSV) solution and an ascorbic acid solution areprepared separately and added to the processed blended slurry. Thevitamin solution is prepared by adding the following ingredients towater with agitation: potassium citrate, ferrous sulfate, WSV premix,L-carnitine, riboflavin, and nucleotide-choline premix. The ascorbicacid solution is prepared by adding potassium hydroxide and ascorbicacid to a sufficient amount of water to dissolve the ingredients. Theascorbic acid solution pH is then adjusted to about 5-9 with potassiumhydroxide.

The blend pH may be adjusted to a pH range of about 6.65-6.85 withpotassium hydroxide to achieve optimal product stability. Thestandardized blend then receives a second heat treatment The blend isheated to about 66-82° C., and then further heated to about 118-124° C.for about 5 seconds. The heated blend is then passed through a flashcooler to reduce the temperature to about 71-82° C. Following heattreatment, the blend is evaporated down to a density of about 1.15-1.17grams/milliliter.

The evaporated blend is passed through a spray drier, targeting amoisture level of about 2.5% in the finished powder. The finished powderthen undergoes agglomeration with water as the binder solution. Thecompleted product is then packaged into suitable containers.

Study 1

A study is conducted to evaluate the antioxidant capability of severaloil blends containing varying amounts/combinations of conventional(e.g., ascorbic acid, citric acid) and non-conventional nutritionalpowder antioxidants (e.g., lecithin, hydrolyzed casein protein,hydrolyzed whey protein). The batch variables are described below in theStudy 1 results table.

Oxidative Stability Index (OSI)

The oxidative stability index (OSI) is a method for determining theability of an oil to resist oxidation. Oil samples are exposed to heatand a constant flow of air. As the ability of the oil to resistoxidation is overcome, a rapid increase in the production of oxidationproducts (volatile organic acids) occurs. The organic acids aredissolved in a collection tube containing deionized water. The organicacids increase the conductivity of the water, as measured by anelectrode. A plot is generated and an OSI value calculated for eachsample, which correlates with the amount of time, in hours, the sampleresisted excessive oxidation.

Five-gram oil samples are analyzed using an OSI instrument (Omnion Inc.,Rockland, Mass., U.S.A.) at approximately 130° C. with an air-flowcorresponding to 4.5 psi (40 Kpa). Each sample contains a base oil blendcomprising, by weight of the base oil blend, approximately 40% higholeic safflower oil, 30% soy oil, 28% coconut oil, 0.37% mixedtocopherols, 0.026% ascorbyl palmitate, 0.13% oil soluble vitaminpremix, 0.38% DHA oil, and 1.0% ARA oil. Ascorbic acid (ASC), citric add(CA), lecithin, tryptophan (TRP), hydrolyzed whey protein, hydrolyzedcasein protein, and combinations thereof, are added to the base oilblend. Oil samples are agitated thoroughly to ensure a homogeneoussample prior to analysis. Samples are tested in duplicate, the resultsof which are summarized in the following table.

*Hydrolyzed *Hydrolyzed Whey Casein Average Protein Protein OSI OSI OSIID ASC CA Lecithin TRP (DH 28) (DH 57) Result 1 Result 2 Results A — —0.40% — — 0.98% 12.80 10.80 11.80 B — — 0.40% 0.20% — — 13.25 6.90 10.08C — 0.05% — — — 0.98% 7.45 7.55 7.50 D 0.05% — 0.40% — — — 6.80 8.057.43 E 0.05% — — 0.20% — — 7.45 7.20 7.33 F — — — — 1.11% 0.98% 7.207.15 7.18 G — 0.05% — 0.20% — — 5.20 8.35 6.78 H — — — 0.20% — 0.98%6.00 7.30 6.65 I — — 0.40% — 1.11% — 6.75 6.40 6.58 J 0.05% — — — —0.98% 6.40 6.60 6.50 K — — — 0.20% 1.11% — 5.90 6.40 6.15 L 0.05% — — —1.11% — 5.20 5.70 5.45 M 0.05% 0.05% — — — — 4.75 5.95 5.35 N — 0.05% —— 1.11% — 5.45 5.15 5.30 O — 0.05% 0.40% — — — 4.95 4.80 4.88 P — — — —— — 4.05 3.85 3.95 % represents the amount of ingredient as a percent byweight of the total OSI sample. *The percentage, by weight, of proteinin the total OSI sample is calculated to assimilate adding 2% hydrolyzedprotein by weight of total protein in a nutritional powder to the oilblend of the nutritional powder.

As shown in the above data table, the oil blend comprising 0.40%lecithin and 0.98% hydrolyzed casein protein (Sample A) was mosteffective, with an average OSI value of 11.80, in protecting againstoxidation under the study conditions. Surprisingly, the combination of0.40% lecithin and 0.98% hydrolyzed casein protein was more effective inprotecting against oxidation than the oil blends comprising variouscombinations of more conventional antioxidants (i.e. ascorbic acid,citric acid).

Study 2

A study is conducted to evaluate the antioxidant capability of oilblends comprising lecithin, hydrolyzed casein protein, and combinationsthereof. The batch variables are described below in the Study 2 resultstable.

The batch variables are tested according to the OSI method described inStudy 1. The entire study is repeated on a separate day, so that Day 1and Day 2 results are generated, which are summarized in the followingtable.

*Hydrolyzed Average Expected Casein Protein OSI OSI **OSI Sample DayLecithin (DH 57) OSI Result 1 Result 2 Results Result A 1 — — 1.55 3.652.60 — B 1 1.0% 0.99% 16.70 12.25 14.48 7.4 C 1 0.4% 0.99% 11.80 9.6510.73 6.4 D 1 1.0% 0.49% — 10.40 10.4 6.5 E 1 0.4% 0.49% 6.85 — 6.85 5.5F 1 — 0.99% 4.10 3.95 4.03 — G 1 1.0% — 3.15 3.60 3.38 — H 1 — 0.49%3.10 3.15 3.13 — I 1 0.4% — 2.45 2.30 2.38 — A 2 — — 2.30 2.35 2.33 — B2 1.0% 0.99% 23.80 18.00 20.9 10.8 C 2 0.4% 0.99% 20.45 21.15 20.8 8.7 D2 1.0% 0.49% 15.60 10.50 13.05 9.9 E 2 0.4% 0.49% 10.85 13.10 11.98 7.8F 2 1.0% — 5.50 6.20 5.85 — G 2 — 0.99% 4.70 5.15 4.93 — H 2 — 0.49%3.55 4.55 4.05 — I 2 0.4% — 3.70 3.85 3.78 — % represents the amount ofingredient as a percent by weight of the total OSI sample. *Thepercentage, by weight, of protein in the total OSI sample is calculatedto assimilate adding either 1% or 2% of hydrolyzed protein by weight ofthe total protein in a nutritional powder to the oil blend of thenutritional powder. **“Expected OSI Result” represents the summation ofthe “Average OSI Results” for each of the individual components (i.e.,lecithin and hydrolyzed casein protein) in the oil blend sample. Forexample, the Expected OSI Result for the Day 1 oil blend sample (SampleB) comprising 1.0% lecithin and 0.99% hydrolyzed casein protein is7.4,which is the sum of the Average OSI Result for: 1) the Day 1 oilblend sample (Sample G) comprising 1.0% lecithin (3.38); and 2) the Day1 oil blend sample (Sample F) comprising 0.99% hydrolyzed casein protein(4.03).

As shown in the above data table, lecithin and hydrolyzed casein proteinexhibit a synergistic antioxidant effect under the above-describedconditions. Surprisingly, samples comprising lecithin in combinationwith hydrolyzed casein protein (Samples B, C, D, and E) are moreeffective in protecting against oxidation than expected, as thecombination of lecithin and hydrolyzed casein protein provides greaterprotection against oxidation than the sum of the amount of protectionprovided, individually, by lecithin and hydrolyzed casein protein. Forexample, the Day 2 expected result for the oil blend comprising 0.40%lecithin and 0.99% hydrolyzed casein protein (Sample C) is 8.7; however,the actual average OSI result is 20.8. Surprisingly, the actual averageOSI result is more than double that of the expected result, which is thesum of the oil blend comprising 0.40% lecithin (Sample I) and the oilblend comprising 0.99% hydrolyzed casein protein (Sample G).

Study 3

A study is conducted to evaluate the antioxidant capability of powderednutritional formulations comprising lecithin, hydrolyzed casein protein,hydrolyzed whey protein, and combinations thereof.

Formulations are evaluated for oxidative stability in accordance withthe methods described below. These include peroxide value (PV), sensoryevaluation, oxidative stability index by NMR (OSI-NMR), and volatileorganic compound (VOC) evaluation.

The nutritional powder formulas in the study are similar to commerciallyavailable SIMILAC® Advance Powder (Abbott Nutrition, a division ofAbbott Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, USA) except that the sample powdersare modified to include hydrolyzed casein protein, hydrolyzed wheyprotein, lecithin, and combinations thereof according to the followingtable.

Hydrolyzed Hydrolyzed Lecithin Casein Protein Whey Protein % by (DH 39)(DH 28) Run wt. of total % by wt. of total % by wt. of total SampleNumber lipid protein protein A 1 0.4 0 0 B 2 1.2 4 0 C 3 1.2 0 4 D 3 0.40 0

The base formula used to prepare each test sample contains approximately(per 100 kcal): 2.07 grams protein (non fat dry milk, whey proteinconcentrate), 5.4 grams fat (high-oleic safflower, soy, coconut oils,arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid), 10.8 grams carbohydrate(lactose), minerals (calcium 78 mg, phosphorus 42 mg, magnesium 6 mg,sodium 24 mg, potassium 105 mg, chloride 65 mg, iron 1.8 mg, zinc 0.75mg, copper 0.09 mg, iodine 0.006 mg, manganese 5 μg, selenium 1.8 μg),and vitamins (vitamin A 300 IU, vitamin D 60 IU, vitamin E 1.5 IU,vitamin K₁ 8 μg, vitamin C 9 mg, thiamine 0.100 mg, riboflavin 0.150 mg,pyridoxine 0.060 mg, niacin 1050 mg, vitamin B₁₂ 0.25 μg, folic acid 15μg, pantothenic acid 0.450 mg, biotin 4.4 μg, choline 16 mg, inositol4.7 mg).

Preparation

Each nutritional powder study formula is batched, processed, and spraydried in a pilot plant facility. To prepare the study formulas, a baseoil blend is prepared by combining high oleic sunflower oil, soybeanoil, and coconut oil at about 49-60° C., followed by the addition of oilsoluble vitamins, ascorbyl palmitate (374 ppm) and mixed tocopherols(375 ppm). The base oil blend is split into portions, and select levelsof lecithin are added to each portion to make up distinct variables. Theoil blend is added, under agitation at a temperature of about 49-60° C.,to a slurry containing water, lactose, non-fat dry milk, and intact wheyprotein concentrate under agitation. Based on the study formula,hydrolyzed casein protein, hydrolyzed whey protein, and combinationsthereof, are added to the resulting slurry. The resulting blend is hightemperature short time (HTST) processed and homogenized at about 33%solids. The blends are standardized with vitamins and minerals, andevaporated to about 52% solids. The resulting product is then ultra hightemperature (UHT) processed before feeding to the spray dryer. Thepowders are dried to a moisture content of about 2-3% by weight of thepowder.

The spray-dried powders are packaged in cans with about a 0.5 inch (1.27centimeter) headspace, with fill weights ranging from about 350 to about390 grams. Lids are sealed onto the cans under normal atmosphericconditions, without modification to the headspace.

One week following manufacture, closed cans of the formulated samplesare placed in elevated temperature storage, at about 37° C. and about43° C. Following 2 weeks of incubation, the cans are opened and samplesare pulled for testing. Between sampling, the cans are sealed withplastic commercial can overcaps and returned to elevated temperaturestorage. Following 5 weeks of elevated temperature storage, samples arepulled for testing.

Peroxide Value

Peroxides are primary products of lipid oxidation, and the measurementof their formation may be used to assess the ability of a nutritionalpowder to resist oxidation. The peroxide value method is based on theInternational Dairy Foundation (IDF) method for the determination ofperoxide value (IDF Standard 74A:1991, International Dairy Foundation,June 1991), which measures peroxide levels by utilizing the oxidation ofFe II to Fe III by lipid/fatty acid hydroperoxides. Fe III complexeswith reagent thiocyanate to form a red colored complex that is measuredspectrophotometrically at 500 nanometers. The concentration of Fe III isthen determined using a series of Fe III standard solutions and linearregression.

Each nutritional powder formula is evaluated following 5 weeks ofelevated temperature storage. The formulas are first reconstituted inwater. The lipid system of the reconstituted product is extracted, afterthe addition of methanol, by isooctane and then water for phaseseparation. After centrifugation, a quantitative aliquot of the clearisooctane extract is dried and then mixed with a 70% chloroform/30% byvolume methanol solvent mixture, ammonium thiocyanate, and ferrouschloride under acidic conditions. The extracted lipid is then analyzedvia the aforementioned IDF test method, the results of which aresummarized in the following table.

Hydrolyzed Whey Hydrolyzed Protein Run Lecithin Casein Protein (DH 28)Peroxide Value) Number/ % by wt. (DH 39) % by wt. (mEq/kg oil Sample oftotal % by wt. of of total 5 weeks Number lipid total protein protein37° C. 43° C. 1/A 0.4 0 0 14.7 17.3 2/B 1.2 4 0 4.93 16.5 3/C 1.2 0 42.92 11.1 3/D 0.4 0 0 11.1 25

As shown in above data table, the nutritional powders comprisinglecithin and hydrolyzed casein protein (Sample B) or lecithin andhydrolyzed whey protein (Sample C) are much more effective in resistingperoxide formation and thus oxidation than the nutritional powderscomprising lecithin and no hydrolyzed proteins (Samples A and B) underthe study conditions.

Sensory Evaluation

The sensory evaluation method provides an evaluation of oxidativestability by sensory detection of off-flavors and odors from compoundsgenerated during the oxidation of oils. The sensory evaluation alsoprovides an evaluation of the overall sensory performance of nutritionalpowders. Each nutritional powder formula is evaluated following 2 and 5weeks of elevated temperature storage by a trained sensory panel. Thenutritional powders are evaluated and then assigned a rating inaccordance with the 5-point scale described in the following two tables.

Rating Oxidation Sensory Oxidation Evaluation Ratings 0 None No oxidizedflavor notes detected 1 Very Product has threshold to very slightintensity of slight oxidized flavor notes 2 Slight Product has slightoxidized flavor notes 3 Moderate Product has moderate to above intensityof oxidized flavor notes, but no “painty” notes detected 4 Much Producthas threshold or above intensity of “painty” (rancid) notes; may alsohave oxidized flavor notes at any intensity 5 Extreme Product has amoderate or above intensity of (rancid) “painty” notes; may also haveoxidized flavor notes at any intensity.

Rating Sensory Fishiness Evaluation Ratings 0 No fishy 1 Very slightfishy (no degraded) 2 Slight fishy (no degraded) 3 Moderate or aboveintense slight fishy (no degraded) 4 Very slight to slight degraded fish5 Moderate or above slight degraded fish

The verbal descriptors assigned to each sensory evaluation have not beendirectly correlated to lipid oxidation, but are closely related toconsumer acceptance.

The sensory results are summarized in the following table.

Hydrolyzed Hydrolyzed Run Lecithin Casein Protein Whey Protein Number/ %by wt. (DH 39) (DH 28) Sample of total % by wt. of % by wt. of total 2weeks 5 weeks Number lipid total protein protein 37° C. 43° C. 37° C.43° C. Sensory Oxidation Off-Flavor Rating 1/A 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 5 2/B 1.2 40 0 0 0 4 3/C 1.2 0 4 0 0 0 5 3/D 0.4 0 0 0 4 0 5 Sensory FishinessRating 1/A 0.4 0 0 1 4 4 5 2/B 1.2 4 0 0 0 0 0 3/C 1.2 0 4 0 0 0 0 3/D0.4 0 0 1 2 2 1

As shown in the above data tables, the nutritional powders comprisinglecithin and no hydrolyzed proteins (Samples A and D) displayed fishynotes and accelerated oxidation off-flavor development over thefive-week test period. In contrast, the nutritional powders comprisinglecithin and hydrolyzed casein protein (Sample B) or lecithin andhydrolyzed whey protein (Sample C) displayed no fishy notes or oxidationoff-flavors at an elevated temperature of 37° C., no fishy notes at 43°C., and delayed oxidation off-flavors at 43° C.

The sensory data are consistent with the above-described peroxide valuedata, and show that a mixture of lecithin and hydrolyzed casein proteinor a mixture of lecithin and hydrolyzed whey protein, as describedherein, is able to protect powdered nutritional products better thanlecithin alone under the above-described conditions.

Oxidative Stability Index (OSI) as Determined by Nuclear MagneticResonance (NMR) (OSI-NMR)

The oxidative stability index (OSI-NMR) is a method for determining theability of a nutritional powder to resist oxidation. The OSI-NMR testmethod is similar to the published work of Hiroaki Saito and KunisukeNakamura (Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, Vol. 55(9), 1663, (1989)) except thatthe Folch extraction method is modified to extract the lipids and fattyacid containing structures from the nutritional formula matrix.

LIPID EXTRACTION: To extract the lipid, each powder sample is mixed tominimize sample heterogeneity. Approximately 100 milligrams, within avariance of 2%, of each sample is weighed into glass screw-topcentrifuge tubes. A 1 milliliter aliquot of methanol-d₄ is pipetted intoeach tube and then vortexed for one minute. Next, 2 milliliters ofchloroform-d are added. The vials are then vortexed for 30 seconds. Thesolutions are maintained at room temperature for approximately 90minutes and then are cold-centrifuged at 3,000 G for 10 minutes. Thesupernatant is then filtered through 0.2 millimeter PTFE syringefilters.

The extracted lipids are then analyzed via the aforementioned OSI-NMRtest method. The regions of the NMR spectra used for integration are1.1-2.6 ppm (aliphatic) and 2.7-2.9 ppm (diallyl) to produce analiphatic/diallyl ratio.

Each nutritional powder formula is evaluated following 5 weeks ofelevated temperature storage, the results of which are summarized in thefollowing table.

Hydrolyzed OSI-NMR Casein Hydrolyzed Results Run Lecithin Protein WheyProtein (Aliphatic/ Number/ % by wt. (DH 39) (DH 28) Diallyl Ratio)Sample of total % by wt. of % by wt. of total 5 weeks Number lipid totalprotein protein 43° C. 1/A 0.4 0 0 2.33 2/B 1.2 4 0 1.30 3/C 1.2 0 41.09 3/D 0.4 0 0 1.72

As shown in the above data table, the nutritional powders comprisinglecithin and hydrolyzed casein protein (Sample B) or lecithin andhydrolyzed whey protein (Sample C) have lower aliphatic/diallyl ratiosand thus are more effective in protecting against oxidation than thenutritional powders comprising lecithin and no hydrolyzed proteins(Samples A and B) under the study conditions.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) Evaluation

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are secondary products of lipidoxidation, and the measurement of their formation may be used to assesslipid oxidation. The VOC method involves the sampling of volatileorganic compounds (VOCs), specifically hexanal, by heated headspace (HS)and the analysis of collected components by gas chromatography-massspectrometry (GC-MS).

Each nutritional powder formula is evaluated following 2 and 5 weeks ofelevated temperature storage. The formulas are reconstituted in waterand stirred under vortex for 5 minutes. Then using a glass pipette, 1gram of the reconstituted sample is placed into a 20 milliliter amberheadspace vial that contains 4 milliliters of laboratory water and 2grams of sodium chloride. The sample is then spiked with a total of 250nanograms of internal standard (chlorobenzene-d₅), sealed with apolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) lined silicon septum, and vortexed for 30seconds. Samples are then analyzed via HS GC-MS analysis. The HS GC-MSanalysis is conducted using the following equipment and parameters.

Equipment Headspace: EST Markelov HS9000, EST Analytical

-   -   503 Commercial Drive, Fairfield, Ohio 45014

Trap: Supelco Vocarb 3000, Supelco

-   -   North Harrison Road, Bellefonte, Pa. 16823        Interface: Agilent Volatiles Interface with EPC, Agilent        Technologies    -   2850 Centerville Road, Wilmington, Del. 19808

GC-MS: Agilent 6890N GC—Agilent 5975C MSD, Agilent Technologies

-   -   2850 Centerville Road, Wilmington, Del. 19808

Software: ChemStation Revision E, NIST05 Mass Spectral Database

-   -   Agilent Technologies, 2850 Centerville Road, Wilmington, Del.,        19808        Column: HP-VOC 30 m×0.20 mm×1.12 μm, Agilent Technologies    -   2850 Centerville Road, Wilmington, Del. 19808

Conditions

HS Conditions: Gas: helium

-   -   Mode: absorbent trap (2N)    -   Sample equilibration: 60° C. for 30 minutes    -   Mixing: rotation on high    -   Sampling: sweep vial contents onto trap at 40 milliliters/minute        for 1 minute    -   Dry purge: 40 milliliters/minute for 3 minutes at 30° C.    -   Desorb: 260° C. for 1 minute    -   Valve oven: 130° C.    -   Transfer line: 150° C.        GC Conditions: Gas: helium    -   Interface: 150° C.    -   Mode: split    -   Split ratio: 40:1    -   Split flow: 40 milliliters/minute    -   Column flow: 1.0 milliliters/minute    -   Linear velocity: 36 centimeters/second    -   Oven: 30° C. (10 minutes)-200° C. at 6° C./minute (7 minute        hold)        MS Conditions: Transfer line: 200° C.    -   Source: 230° C.    -   Mode: full scan    -   Scan range: 35-400 u.

The compounds (e.g., hexanal) detected during the HS GC-MS analysis areidentified using the National Institute of Standards Mass SpectralDatabase. The areas (total ion counts) of the compounds detected and thearea (total ion count) of the internal standard (ISTD) are used tocalculate concentration according to the following equation:

${\frac{{Area}\mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} {Compound}}{{Area}{\mspace{11mu} \;}{of}\mspace{14mu} I\; S\; T\; D} \times \frac{{Total}\mspace{14mu} {Amount}\mspace{14mu} I\; S\; T\; D\mspace{14mu} ({nanograms})}{{Sample}\mspace{14mu} {Weight}\mspace{14mu} ({grams})}} = {{Concentration}\mspace{14mu} \left( {{parts}\mspace{14mu} {per}\mspace{14mu} {billion}} \right)}$

The results of the HS GC-MS analysis are summarized in the followingtable.

Hydrolyzed Hydrolyzed Casein Whey Run Lecithin Protein (DH Protein (DHVOC Results Number/ % by wt. 39) 28) Hexanal Concentration (ppb) Sampleof total % by wt. of % by wt. of 2 weeks 5 weeks Number lipid totalprotein total protein 37° C. 43° C. 37° C. 43° C. 1/A 0.4 0 0 500 14863087 7281 2/B 1.2 4 0 173 808 3121 6038 3/C 1.2 0 4 138 699 2499 67623/D 0.4 0 0 548 3000 8097 9721

As shown in the above data table, less hexanal (i.e., a VOC compound) isreleased from the nutritional powders comprising lecithin and hydrolyzedcasein protein (Sample B) or lecithin and hydrolyzed whey protein(Sample C) as compared to the nutritional powders comprising lecithinand no hydrolyzed protein (Samples A and D) under the study conditions.

The VOC data are consistent with the above-described peroxide value,sensory, and OSI-NMR data and show that a mixture of lecithin andhydrolyzed casein protein or a mixture of lecithin and hydrolyzed wheyprotein, as described herein, are able to protect powdered nutritionalproducts better than lecithin alone under the above-describedconditions.

As shown in the above data tables for Study 3, lecithin in combinationwith hydrolyzed casein protein provides a greater than expectedantioxidant effect in a nutritional powder matrix, which is consistentwith the Study 1 and 2 OSI results that demonstrate the synergism oflecithin and hydrolyzed casein protein in an oil blend matrix asdescribed hereinbefore.

SUMMARY

The collective data from the studies show that hydrolyzed casein proteinin combination with lecithin, as described herein, provide a synergisticantioxidant effect in both an oil blend and nutritional powder matrix.The combination of hydrolyzed casein protein and lecithin, as describedherein, is highly effective for protecting nutritional powders fromoxidation and for providing better sensory performance over prolongedperiods.

The results are surprising because lecithin and hydrolyzed caseinprotein are not conventional nutritional powder antioxidants. Lecithin,although generally known to have antioxidant properties, is nottypically added to nutritional powders as an antioxidant. Lecithin ismore typically added to nutritional liquids; however, lecithin is addedto nutritional liquids for its functionality as an emulsifier, ratherthan as an antioxidant. Furthermore, hydrolyzed casein protein istypically added to nutritional powders to improve protein tolerance, notas an antioxidant. The data are especially surprising because not onlyare lecithin and hydrolyzed casein protein both non-conventionalnutritional powder antioxidants; remarkably, the combination of the twoingredients provide a synergistic antioxidant effect in both oil blendand nutritional powder matrices.

1. A composition comprising: (a) carbohydrate; (b) lipid, comprisingfrom about 0.25% to about 2.5% lecithin by weight of total lipid; (c)from about 0.5% to about 10% hydrolyzed casein protein by weight oftotal protein; and (d) from about 90% to about 99.5% intact protein byweight of total protein; wherein the composition is a nutritionalpowder.
 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the hydrolyzed caseinprotein has a degree of hydrolysis of between about 8% and about 90%. 3.The composition of claim 1, wherein the hydrolyzed casein protein has adegree of hydrolysis of between about 23% and about 80%.
 4. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein the hydrolyzed casein protein has adegree of hydrolysis of between about 45% and about 80%.
 5. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about0.25% to about 1.0% of the lecithin by weight of total lipid.
 6. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises from about0.5% to about 5% of the hydrolyzed casein protein by weight of totalprotein.
 7. A composition comprising: (a) carbohydrate; (b) lipid,comprising from about 0.25% to about 2.5% lecithin by weight of totallipid; (c) from about 0.5% to about 10% hydrolyzed casein protein byweight of total protein; and (d) from about 90% to about 99.5% intactprotein by weight of total protein; wherein the composition is an infantformula nutritional powder.
 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein thehydrolyzed casein protein has a degree of hydrolysis of between about 8%and about 90%.
 9. The composition of claim 7, wherein the hydrolyzedcasein protein has a degree of hydrolysis of between about 23% and about80%.
 10. The composition of claim 7, wherein the hydrolyzed caseinprotein has a degree of hydrolysis of between about 45% and about 80%.11. The composition of claim 7, wherein the composition comprises per100 kcal from about 3 to about 8 grams of the lipid, from about 1 toabout 6 grams of the protein, and from about 8 to about 16 grams of thecarbohydrate.
 12. The composition of claim 7, wherein the lipidcomprises a long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid.
 13. The compositionof claim 12, wherein the polyunsaturated fatty acid comprisesdecosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, orcombinations thereof.
 14. A composition comprising: (a) carbohydrate;(b) lipid, comprising from about 0.25% to about 1.5% lecithin by weightof total lipid; (c) from about 0.5% to about 5% hydrolyzed caseinprotein by weight of total protein; and (d) from about 95% to about99.5% intact protein by weight of total protein; wherein the compositionis an infant formula nutritional powder.
 15. The composition of claim14, wherein the hydrolyzed casein protein has a degree of hydrolysis ofbetween about 8% and about 90%.
 16. The composition of claim 14, whereinthe hydrolyzed casein protein has a degree of hydrolysis of betweenabout 23% and about 80%.
 17. The composition of claim 14, wherein thehydrolyzed casein protein has a degree of hydrolysis of between about45% and about 80%.
 18. The composition of claim 14, wherein thecomposition comprises per 100 kcal from about 3 to about 8 grams of thelipid, from about 1 to about 6 grams of the protein, and from about 8 toabout 16 grams of the carbohydrate.
 19. The composition of claim 14,wherein the lipid comprises a long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid. 20.The composition of claim 19, wherein the polyunsaturated fatty acidcomprises decosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, arachidonic acid,or combinations thereof.